Conventional Drug Delivery Systems Research Articles

Current status, challenges and prospects of antifouling materials for oncology applications

Targeted therapy has become crucial to modern translational science, offering a remedy to conventional drug delivery challenges. Conventional drug delivery systems encountered challenges related to solubility, prolonged release, and inadequate drug penetration at the target region, such as a tumor. Several formulations, such as liposomes, polymers, and dendrimers, have been successful in advancing to clinical trials with the goal of improving the drug’s pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. Various stealth coatings, including hydrophilic polymers such as PEG, chitosan, and polyacrylamides, can form a protective layer over nanoparticles, preventing aggregation, opsonization, and immune system detection. As a result, they are classified under the Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) category. Serum, a biological sample, has a complex composition. Non-specific adsorption of chemicals onto an electrode can lead to fouling, impacting the sensitivity and accuracy of focused diagnostics and therapies. Various anti-fouling materials and procedures have been developed to minimize the impact of fouling on specific diagnoses and therapies, leading to significant advancements in recent decades. This study provides a detailed analysis of current methodologies using surface modifications that leverage the antifouling properties of polymers, peptides, proteins, and cell membranes for advanced targeted diagnostics and therapy in cancer treatment. In conclusion, we examine the significant obstacles encountered by present technologies and the possible avenues for future study and development.

A review on polymers in ocular drug delivery systems

AbstractAmid the escalating prevalence of eye diseases and the intricate nature of the eye as a crucial target organ for drug delivery, researchers face significant challenges in developing delivery systems tailored specifically for ocular complications. Addressing the gaps in the current conventional ocular drug delivery system (ODDS) is crucial and this can be achieved by incorporating polymers while designing newer ODDS. This review aims to offer a concise overview of the diverse polymers utilized in the development of ODDS, designed to address various eye conditions and disorders, enhance treatment outcomes, and ensure patient adherence. Introducing the anatomy of the eye and different ocular routes of administration, alongside the barriers encountered, this review presents polymer‐based ODDS, renowned for their unique properties facilitating the engineering of specialized devices for enhanced drug delivery. Further discussions delve into the applications of polymers in ophthalmology. Emphasis is placed on emerging polymer‐based technologies available in the market for treating ocular diseases, underscoring their potential for revolutionizing ocular healthcare. The review also addresses challenges in translating these advancements into clinical practice, while highlighting the versatility of polymers in treating diverse eye diseases and disorders through customizable properties and sustained drug delivery.

Smart Nanobiomaterials for Gene Delivery in Localized Cancer Therapy: An Overview from Emerging Materials and Devices to Clinical Applications.

Researchers in various fields continue to discover improved ways of local delivery of drugs to specific locations and try to increase the efficiency of these methods. Extensive research has been done on smart nano-biomaterials for drug delivery systems (DDS) in different dimensions. With the advancement of biomedical nanotechnology, conventional smart DDS with stimuli- responsive capability has been developed. Smart nano-biomaterials can respond to environmental changes caused by endogenous or exogenous elements: endogenous factors such as environmental pH, temperature gradient, enzymes, oxidation, and reduction potential. As well as exogenous factors, including light radiation, ultrasound, electric and magnetic fields. Currently, smart DDSs count as a major category in DDS and disease treatment. Currently, smart DDS are of great interest in drug delivery and treatment of diseases. With the improvements in gene and protein therapy, new methods have been presented to treat diseases without effective conventional treatment, especially cancer. Finally, the use of nanoparticles expanded due to the need for appropriate gene and protein delivery systems. This review discusses the advantages of protein and gene therapy, their challenges, and gene and protein delivery systems with nanoparticle-based delivery.

Vesicular Drug Delivery Systems: Promising Approaches in Ocular Drug Delivery.

Ocular drug delivery poses unique challenges due to the complex anatomical and physiological barriers of the eye. Conventional dosage forms often fail to achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes due to poor bioavailability, short retention time, and off-target effects. In recent years, vesicular drug delivery systems have emerged as promising solutions to address these challenges. Vesicular systems, such as liposome, niosome, ethosome, transfersome, and others (bilosome, transethosome, cubosome, proniosome, chitosome, terpesome, phytosome, discome, and spanlastics), offer several advantages for ocular drug delivery. These include improved drug bioavailability, prolonged retention time on the ocular surface, reduced systemic side effects, and protection of drugs from enzymatic degradation and dilution by tears. Moreover, vesicular formulations can be engineered for targeted delivery to specific ocular tissues or cells, enhancing therapeutic efficacy while minimizing off-target effects. They also enable the encapsulation of a wide range of drug molecules, including hydrophilic, hydrophobic, and macromolecular drugs, and the possibility of combination therapy by facilitating the co-delivery of multiple drugs. This review examines vesicular drug delivery systems, their advantages over conventional drug delivery systems, production techniques, and their applications in management of ocular diseases.

Polymer-Based Composite as a Local Drug Delivery System for Periodontitis Therapy: A Brief Review


 
 
 Periodontitis is a common chronic oral disease which if left untreated may cause mobility to loss of teeth. Periodontitis is local infection so a therapy using a local drug delivery system was more convenient than a conventional drug delivery system because the probability of side effects emergent is bigger. There are some drug delivery system types in periodontitis therapy and basically, these systems are using a polymer as a matrix by inserting a therapeutic agent into it so creating a composite structure. This study aims to provide a brief review of polymer-based composites utilized as local drug delivery systems for periodontitis therapy. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to gather information on the various types of polymer-based composites employed in periodontitis therapy. Key aspects such as polymer selection, drug loading methods, and therapeutic efficacy were analyzed. The results show Polymer-based composites have shown significant potential as effective local drug delivery systems for periodontitis treatment. The choice of polymer matrix, drug incorporation techniques, and release kinetics play crucial roles in determining the therapeutic outcomes. Various polymers, including biodegradable and non-biodegradable ones, have been explored for their suitability in this application, with promising results reported in preclinical and clinical studies.
 
 

New Insights in Topical Drug Delivery for Skin Disorders: A Review

Drug delivery systems are methods which are used to ensure that drugs get into the body and reach the area where they are needed. These systems must take a number of needs into account, ranging from ease of delivery to effectiveness of the drugs. The paper reviews an overview of a conventional and novel approach in the topical drug delivery system. Drug delivery via the skin is becoming progressively popular due to its convenience and affordability. The skin is the most important mechanical barrier to the penetration of many drug substances and acts as an ideal site to deliver the drug both locally and systemically. The topical route has been a favored route of drug administration over the last decades. Despite conventional topical drug delivery systems limits in poor retention and low bioavailability. To address some of the limitations posed by conventional dermatotherapy, nano-based technologies have been developed and have demonstrated a significant improvement in dermatotherapy. Their distinct physicochemical properties demonstrate their overall superior therapeutic efficacy in providing sustained and effective targeted drug release, as well as improved solubility of hydrophobic actives with optimized drug formulations. These nanocarriers are commonly classified as polymeric, lipid-based, metallic, and vesicular nanocarriers, including nanoemulsions, nanofibers, and microneedles.

Revolutionizing Knee Osteoarthritis Treatment: Innovative Self-Nano-Emulsifying Polyethylene Glycol Organogel of Curcumin for Effective Topical Delivery.

In the current study, self-nano-emulsifying (SNE) physically cross-linked polyethylene glycol (PEG) organogel (SNE-POG) as an innovative hybrid system was fabricated for topical delivery of water-insoluble and unstable bioactive compound curcumin (CUR). Response surface methodology (RSM) based on Optimal Design was utilized to evaluate the formulation factors. Solid fiber mechanism with homogenization was used to prepare formulations. Pharmaceutical evaluation including rheological and texture analysis, their mathematical correlations besides physical and chemical stability experiments, DSC study, in vitro release, skin permeation behavior, and clinical evaluation were carried out to characterize and optimize the SNE-OGs. PEG 4000 as the main organogelator, Poloxamer 188 (Plx188) and Ethyl Cellulose (EC) as co-gelator/nanoemulsifier agents, and PEG 400 and glycerin as solvent/co-emulsifier agents could generate SNE-POGs in PS range of 356 to 1410 nm that indicated organic base percentage and PEG 4000 were the most detrimental variables. The optimized OG maintained CUR stable in room and accelerated temperatures and could release CUR sustainably up to 72 h achieving high flux of CUR through guinea pig skin. A double-blind clinical trial confirmed that pain scores, stiffness, and difficulty with physical function were remarkably diminished at the end of 8 weeks compared to the placebo (71.68% vs. 7.03%, 62.40% vs. 21.44%, and 45.54% vs. 8.66%, respectively) indicating very high efficiency of system for treating knee osteoarthritis. SNE-POGs show great potential as a new topical drug delivery system for water-insoluble and unstable drugs like CUR that could offer a safe and effective alternative to conventional topical drug delivery system.

Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Vesicular Nanocarrier Systems for Elimination of Skin Cancer

Background:: Skin cancer, a common malignancy worldwide, has increased incidence and mortality. Thus, it is a public health issue and a significant illness burden, which increases treatment costs. Chemotherapy and surgery are used to treat skin cancer. However, conventional skin cancer treatments have several limitations, demanding the development of innovative, safe, and effective methods. To overcome these limitations of conventional topical dosage forms, many nanocarriers have been developed and tested for the targeted delivery of anticancer drugs. Objective:: The main objective of the present review was to discuss the utility of various vesicular nanocarrier systems to deliver anticancer drugs following topical administration to treat skin cancer. Methods:: For this review article, we scoured the scholarly literature using Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Pubmed. Discussion:: The vesicular drug delivery system has been intensively explored and developed as an alternative to conventional skin cancer drug delivery systems, especially for melanoma. They improve the penetration of anticancer drugs via the skin, reaching the cancer area with enough and killing cancer cells. Vesicles minimize skin irritation and drug degradation. This improves therapy efficacy and reduces systemic toxicity. Conclusion:: Utilizing the vesicular drug delivery system shows promise in treating skin cancer. Therefore, further research and inquiries are necessary to explore the therapeutic potential of these substances in treating skin cancer, intending to develop a personalized, efficient, and secure therapy approach for patients with this condition.

SmartLipids: Ushering in a New Era of Lipid Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery

Abstract: In the realm of drug delivery, lipid nanoparticles have emerged as versatile carriers, offering enhanced encapsulation, protection, and targeted delivery of therapeutic agents. Among these innovative systems, SmartLipids stands out as a groundbreaking advancement, representing the latest generation of lipid nanoparticles. Characterized by their unique "chaotic" and disordered particle matrix structure, SmartLipids exhibit remarkable properties that set them apart from conventional drug delivery systems. This comprehensive review delves into the intricate world of SmartLipids, unraveling their distinctive features and exploring their immense potential in the field of drug delivery. It meticulously outlines their production methods, shedding light on the solvent-free, highpressure homogenization technique that ensures biocompatibility and safety. The review meticulously examines the physicochemical characterization of SmartLipids, providing insights into their particle size, morphology, and encapsulation efficiency. It further delves into their in vitro and in vivo performance, highlighting their ability to enhance drug solubility, permeability, and bioavailability. The study collectively underscores the versatility and customizable nature of SmartLipids, emphasizing their suitability for a wide range of drug delivery applications. From encapsulating hydrophilic, lipophilic, and amphiphilic compounds to tailoring specific release profiles, SmartLipids offer a remarkable degree of flexibility in drug delivery strategies.

3D Printing Chitosan-based Nanobiomaterials for Biomedicine and Drug Delivery: Recent Advances on the Promising Bioactive Agents and Technologies

Abstract: 3D bioprinting is a novel technology that has gained significant attention recently due to its potential applications in developing simultaneously controlled drug delivery systems (DDSs) for administering several active substances, such as growth factors, proteins, and drug molecules. This technology provides high reproducibility and precise control over the fabricated constructs in an automated way. Chitosan is a natural-derived polysaccharide from chitin, found in the exoskeletons of crustaceans such as shrimp and crabs. Chitosan-based implants can be prepared using 3D bioprinting technology by depositing successive layers of chitosan-based bioink containing living cells and other biomaterials. The resulting implants can be designed to release drugs at a controlled rate over an extended period. The use of chitosan-based implants for drug delivery has several advantages over conventional drug delivery systems. Chitosan is biodegradable and biocompatible, so it can be safely used in vivo without causing any adverse effects. It is also non-immunogenic, meaning it does not elicit an immune response when implanted in vivo. Chitosan-based implants are also cost-effective and can be prepared using simple techniques. 3D bioprinting is an emerging technology that has revolutionized the field of tissue engineering by enabling the fabrication of complex 3D structures with high precision and accuracy. It involves using computer-aided design (CAD) software to create a digital model of the desired structure, which is then translated into a physical object using a 3D printer. The printer deposits successive layers of bioink, which contains living cells and other biomaterials, to create a 3D structure that mimics the native tissue. One of the most promising applications of 3D bioprinting is developing drug delivery systems (DDSs) to administer several active substances, such as growth factors, proteins, and drug molecules. DDSs are designed to release drugs at a controlled rate over an extended period, which can improve therapeutic efficacy and reduce side effects. Chitosan-based implants have emerged as a promising candidate for DDSs due to their attractive properties, such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, low cost, and non-immunogenicity. 3D bioprinting technology has emerged as a powerful tool for developing simultaneously controlled DDSs for administering several active substances. The rationale behind integrating 3D printing technology with chitosan-based scaffolds for drug delivery lies in the ability to produce customized, biocompatible, and precisely designed systems that enable targeted and controlled drug release. This novel methodology shows potential for advancing individualized healthcare, regenerative treatments, and the creation of cutting-edge drug delivery systems. This review highlights the potential applications of 3D bioprinting technology for preparing chitosan-based implants for drug delivery.

A REVIEW ON DEVELOPMENT OF COLON TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM

The purpose of this review was to select a promising drug delivery system for colon diseases. This review covers the development of Colon Targeted Drug Delivery System (CTDDS) using 36 y (1986-2022) data from various research and review articles. All fig. designed using by BioRender website. vThe colon-targeted drug delivery systems developed for the specific site drug delivery which applied for both local and systemic actions of the drug; since the drug targeted to be release within the colon, the unwanted systemic side effects are reduced along with it. Systemic side effects include organ damage, respiratory diseases and, cardiovascular damage and other illnesses. Colon-targeted drug delivery system used in the treatment of diseases in the colon, including ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome and colorectal cancer. The benefit of colon-targeted drug delivery besides the reduction of side effects also include protection from premature drug release or burst in the stomach or small intestine before reaching the colon. For the development of drugs with such benefits and advantages, drug delivery systems and approaches have used for Colon targeted drug delivery systems, varying from conventional colon-targeting drug delivery systems to novel approaches for Colon-targeted drug delivery systems. Conventional drug delivery includes the use of prodrugs, pH-dependent, time-dependent, matrix-based systems, polysaccharides-derived systems, and bio-adhesive system while novel approaches include types such as port system, pulsincap system, pressure-controlled system, osmotic controlled system, CODES, and the newest approach wish is the use of nanotechnology in colon targeted drug delivery. In this research both techniques reviewed, and their types discussed as well. The limitation of their uses and the advantage of each system discussed with a breakdown of the different mechanisms used to formulate such systems. A successful colon targeting delivery can release the drug to a specific segment in colon due to presence of different colonic enzymes formed by microorganisms that metabolize drug carrier linkage. Use of combined approaches i.e., conventional systems and newer approaches may be the best way to cure colon diseases using an optimized colon drug delivery system.

Drug delivery with melt-spun liquid-core fibers

Conventional local drug delivery systems often encounter issues such as burst-release, limited drug reservoirs, rigidity, and low mechanical performance. We present an innovative approach to local drug delivery utilizing melt-spun drug-loaded liquid-core filaments (LiCoFs). LiCoFs were produced, incorporating fluorescein sodium salt as the model drug, dissolved in various liquid core materials, and enveloped by poly(ε-caprolactone) as the sheath material. We assessed thermal, mechanical, and structural properties of LiCoFs and have conducted extensive drug diffusion trials. Some trials involved pre-exchange of the liquid core with ibuprofen, bovine serum albumin–fluorescein isothiocyanate and methylene blue solutions using a pumping device. It was observed that diffusion mechanisms and diffusion rates depend on temperature, core size/sheath thickness, sheath permeability, carrier liquid type, drug molecule properties, and the drug's affinity to the sheath polymer. These drug-loaded LiCoFs pave the way towards a new generation of medical textiles facilitating controlled, local drug delivery.

Formulating and evaluating a gel that contains Eletriptan-loaded transferosomes

Transdermal-vesicular drug delivery systems offer various advantages over conventional drug delivery systems, such as bypassing first-pass metabolism, site-specific delivery, reduced dosing frequency, and more. The objective of the present research involves the formulation and in-vitro evaluation of Eletriptan transferosomal gel to reduce dosing frequency. Transferosomes act as vehicles for on-site drug delivery, and they are vesicular systems with a flexible membrane. By formulating this type, we can achieve a higher concentration at the site of action, thereby reducing dosing frequency.
 Fourier-transform infrared spectra revealed that there was no interaction between the drug and excipients. Transferosomal formulations were prepared by the thin-film hydration technique and were incorporated into 1.5% Carbopol gel. From the results, Formulation code-ET6, containing Lecithin: Tween-80, has higher entrapment efficiency and maximum drug release, and is hence considered the optimized formulation. Stability studies performed for optimized transferosomal gel formulations indicate that the prepared transferosomal gel has more stability at a lower temperature.
 The conclusion is that, based on the above data, it is confirmed that the prepared Eletriptan transferosomal gels can be considered as one of the promising approaches to reducing dosing frequency and maintaining drug concentration at the desired site for a longer time.
 Keywords: Transdermal drug delivery, Eletriptan, Transferosomes, Thin Film Hydration Method, Carbopol gel.

Ibuprofen-Loaded Silver Nanoparticle-Doped PVA Gels: Green Synthesis, In Vitro Cytotoxicity, and Antibacterial Analyses.

In contrast to conventional drug delivery systems, controlled drug release systems employ distinct methodologies. These systems facilitate the release of active substances in predetermined quantities and for specified durations. Polymer hydrogels have gained prominence in controlled drug delivery because of their unique swelling-shrinkage behavior and ability to regulate drug release. In this investigation, films with a hydrogel structure were crafted using polyvinyl alcohol, a biocompatible polymer, and silver nanoparticles. Following characterization, ibuprofen was loaded into the hydrogels to evaluate their drug release capacity. The particle sizes of silver nanoparticles synthesized using a green approach were determined. This study comprehensively examined the structural properties, morphological features, mechanical strength, and cumulative release patterns of the prepared films. In vitro cytotoxicity analysis was employed to assess the cell viability of drug-loaded hydrogel films, and their antibacterial effects were examined. The results indicated that hydrogel films containing 5% and 10% polyvinyl alcohol released 89% and 97% of the loaded drug, respectively, by day 14. The release kinetics fits the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. This study, which describes nanoparticle-enhanced polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel systems prepared through a cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach, is anticipated to contribute to the existing literature and serve as a foundational study for future research.

Comparative pharmacokinetic evaluation of glimepiride orodispersable and conventional tablets in rabbits

Objectives Glimepiride Orodispersable Tablets (ODT) were prepared with the goal to have rapid onset of action and higher bioavailability with ease administration to individuals with swallowing difficulty to ameliorate patient compliance. Significance Glimepiride is a contemporary hypoglycemic medication that belongs to the family of sulfonylurea derivatives. It is used in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Compliance adherence remains one of the limitations with the conventional drug delivery system especially in pediatric, geriatric, psychiatric, and traveling patients, for such population ODT provides a good alternate dosage form compared with Commercial Tablets. Method The Comparative in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters of the prepared ODT and conventional tablets (CT) were evaluated using an animal model. The plasma concentration of Glimepiride after oral administration of a single dose was determined at predetermined time intervals with HPLC. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using PK Solutions 2.0 from Summit PK® software. Results The Cmax obtained with ODT (22.08 µg/ml) was significantly (p = 0.006) high, a lower tmax of 3.0 hr was achieved with the orodispersable formulation of the drug. The ODT showed 104.34% relative bioavailability as compared to CT and left shift of tmax as well. Conclusion As per findings of the in vivo investigation, the Glimepiride ODT would be beneficial in terms of patient compliance, quick onset of action, and increased bioavailability.

Intelligent Drug Delivery: Pioneering Stimuli-Responsive Systems to Revolutionize Disease Management- An In-depth Exploration.

In recent years, there has been an escalating interest in stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems (SRDDS) due to their ability to revolutionize the delivery of therapeutics. SRDDSs offer a multitude of benefits in comparison to conventional drug delivery systems (DDS), including spatiotemporal control of drug release, targeted delivery, and improved therapeutic efficacy. The development of various classes of stimuli-responsive DDS, such as pH-responsive, temperature-responsive, photo-responsive, redox responsive systems, has been propelled by advances in materials science, nanotechnology, and biotechnology. These systems exploit specific environmental or physiological cues to trigger drug release in a precisely controlled manner, making them highly promising for the treatment of various diseases. In this review article, an in-depth exploration of the principles, mechanisms, and applications of SRDDS in the context of diverse pathologies such as cancer, arthritis, Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis and tissue engineering has been provided. Furthermore, this article delves into the discussion of recent patents, market overview and the progress of research in clinical trials. Overall, this article underscores the transformative potential of SRDDS in enabling personalized, precise, and effective drug delivery for the treatment of the above-mentioned diseases.

Homology-Activated Ultrasensitive Nanomedicines for Precise NIR-II FL/MRI Imaging-Guided "Knock-On" Dynamic Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Stimuli-responsive nanomedicines represent a pivotal technology for in situ on-demand drug release and offer multiple advantages over conventional drug delivery systems to combat rheumatoid arthritis(RA). However, the lack of sensitivity to a single-stimuli source or the inability to synchronize multi-stimuli responses can easily lead to challenges in achieving precise-theranostics of RA. Herein, a homology-activated ultrasensitive nanomedicines MnO2-CQ4T-GOx(MCG NMs) is designed for NIR-II fluorescence(NIR-II FL)/magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)-guided effective "knock-on" dynamic anti-RA therapy. Building upon the characteristics of the RA-microenvironment, the MCG innovatively construct a MnO2-Mn2+ system, which can normalized activation sites. The ultrasensitive-responsive degradation is achieved using the multi-stimuli processes in the RA-microenvironment, triggering release of functional small molecules. The produced Mn2+ can exert Fenton-like activity to generate •OH from H2O2, thus providing the effective chemodynamic therapy(CDT). Moreover, the up-regulation of H2O2 by GOx-catalysis not only sensitizes the MnO2-Mn2+ system but also achieves self-enhancing CDT efficacy. The NIR-II FL quenching of CQ4T-BSA in the aggregated state occurs in MCG NMs, which can be rapidly and precisely "turn-on" via the MnO2-Mn2+ system. Meanwhile, the integration of activated Mn2+-based MRI imaging has successfully developed an activatable dual-modal imaging. Feedback imaging-guided precise photodynamic therapy of CQ4T-BSA can achieve efficient "knock-on" dynamic therapy for RA.

Using embossing ice particulate method to prepare polyvinyl alcohol/pullulan hydrogels with surface open pores loaded with microspheres for breast cancer treatment

In the post-operative treatment of breast cancer, early prevention of locoregional recurrence is crucial to avoid metastasis of cells from leftover microtumor tissues. The limitations in conventional drug delivery systems show a growing clinical demand for disease-specific drug-releasing systems. This study explores a novel poly(vinyl alcohol)/pullulan (PVA/PUL) hydrogel system for local drug delivery in post-operative breast cancer treatment. Hydrogel was produced by combination of lyophilization and embossing ice particulate techniques to create microspheres loaded open pores on the hydrogel surface for localized release of doxorubicin-loaded polycaprolactone microspheres (DOX-PCL-MSs). PVA/PUL hydrogel was successfully crosslinked with glutaraldehyde and stabilized hydrogel structure has possessed slow degradation rate and increasing water retention through 12 days. Release of DOX after 7 and 16 days from DOX-PCL-MSs loaded hydrogels were slower with a 6.2 ± 8.9 % and 56.6 ± 4.5 % release compared to 60.9 ± 14.6 % and 76.8 ± 19.7 % release from free DOX loaded hydrogel since DOX release was controlled by PCL microspheres. When interacted with human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7), DOX-PCL-MSs were able to disrupt cell and spheroid morphology after 7 days at concentrations as low as 12 μg/mL loaded DOX. In vitro cytotoxicity study has showed that, DOX-PCL-MSs loaded hydrogel was able to decrease MCF-7 viability after 7 days of incubation with controlled release of DOX. While free DOX releasing hydrogel has lost cytotoxic activity even after 4 days of incubation. Furthermore, ability of PVA/PUL hydrogel to support L929 cell attachment was shown in the study, suggesting hydrogels potential for promoting tissue regeneration after anti-cancer treatment. The study reveals that PVA/PUL hybrid hydrogels loaded with DOX-PCL-MSs has impactful potential in post-surgical treatment of breast cancer.

Advances of cassava starch-based composites in novel and conventional drug delivery systems: a state-of-the-art review

Native cassava starch and its derivatives have found great use in the pharmaceutical sector for the development of various novel and conventional drug delivery carriers.

Current reviews depicting therapeutic potential of novel drug delivery system in rheumatoid arthritis

Modern advancement in science and technology has altered the way we detect, treat and prevent different diseases in all aspects of human life. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is chronic progressive autoimmune disease in which body’s immune system has role to protect the health by attacking foreign bacteria but the virus mistakenly attacking the joints as a result thickened synovium, pannus formation, & destruction of bone, cartilage occurs. Researchers are still researching but are unable to know the exact reason for the disease. Although, it is believed that genes and environmental factors play an important role in the development of RA. In this review the pathophysiology, predictors and factors involved in pathogenesis of RA have been investigated. The conventional drug therapeutic agents and emerging novel drug delivery system (NDDS) like nanoparticles, dendrimers, micelles, microspheres, liposomes and so on are discussed, as these are the tools which show promising effect in overcoming the limitations associated with conventional drug delivery systems. Although several NDDS have been used for various purposes, liposomes have been focused and found to have its potential applications in RA diagnosis and therapy. In addition, the therapeutic effectiveness, and challenges for RA by using these novel drug delivery systems have been reviewed along with its future perspectives.